Surface ornamentation in fashion design refers to the techniques and elements used to enhance the surface of garments or accessories, making them visually appealing and unique. This aspect of design plays a crucial role in adding texture, color, and intricate details to clothing. Here are some common types of surface ornamentation:

1. Embroidery
Hand Embroidery: Done by hand, offering intricate and personalized designs.
Machine Embroidery: Produced by machines, suitable for detailed and repetitive patterns.
2. Beading and Sequins
Beading: Adds texture and sparkle with beads sewn onto the fabric.
Sequins: Small, shiny discs sewn onto garments for a shimmering effect.
3. Appliqué
Fabric Appliqué: Pieces of fabric sewn onto a base fabric to create patterns or images.
Leather Appliqué: Similar but uses leather pieces for a more structured look.
4. Prints and Patterns
Screen Printing: Used for creating large quantities of prints on fabric.
Digital Printing: Allows for complex, multi-colored designs.
5. Pleating and Ruching
Pleating: Folds in fabric that add structure and visual interest.
Ruching: Gathering of fabric to create a ruched effect, often used to add texture.
6. Lace and Trimmings
Lace: Delicate fabric with intricate patterns, often used in overlays or details.
Trimmings: Includes ribbons, piping, and other decorative edges.
7. Beadwork and Fringes
Beadwork: Involves stitching beads onto fabric for decoration.
Fringes: Strands of thread, fabric, or beads hanging from the edge of a garment.
8. Studs and Rivets
Studs: Metal or plastic pieces attached to fabric for a punk or edgy look.
Rivets: Used for reinforcement and decoration, often in denim.
9. Dye Techniques
Tie-Dye: A method where fabric is tied and dyed to create patterns.
Shibori: A Japanese technique involving folding, twisting, or bunching fabric before dyeing.
10. Surface Texturing
Fabric Manipulation: Techniques like smocking or quilting that alter the texture of the fabric.
Foiling: Applying metallic foil to create a shiny effect.
11. Appliqué and Patchwork
Patchwork: Sewing together pieces of fabric to create a design or pattern.
Appliqué: Sewing one fabric onto another to create a design.
Each of these techniques can be used individually or in combination to create garments with distinctive looks and feels. The choice of surface ornamentation depends on the designer's vision, the fabric used, and the intended use of the garment.